Qué Nervios: tener ansiedad siendo Latina

Qué Nervios: tener ansiedad siendo Latina

Karen G. Martínez, MD, MSc

Karen Martinez Gonzalez

Karen G. Martinez-Gonzalez, MD, MSc is a child and adolescent psychiatrist in San Juan, Puerto Rico.  She is an Associate Professor at the University of Puerto Rico where she directs the Center for the Study and Treatment of Fear and Anxiety and is the Chair of the Department of Psychiatry. She also completed a Post-Doctoral Master’s in Clinical and Translational Research in 2006 and is now the Principal Investigator (R25MD007607) and Director of this program.  Dr. Martínez-González is a founding member of the University of Puerto Rico Center for Perinatal Mental Health where several research projects understanding stress, perinatal mental health and child development in Puerto Rico are being conducted.  She is an active member of several professional organizations, such as the Anxiety and Depression Association of America where she recently received the Member Recognition Award for her work on the Multicultural and the Women’s Mental Health Special Interest Groups.  She is also part of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Trauma and Disaster Committee and president of the Puerto Rico Chapter; member of the board of directors and past president of the Association for Clinical and Translational Science (ACTS). 

Qué Nervios: tener ansiedad siendo Latina

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La ansiedad es una emoción natural que nos ayuda a dirigir nuestra atención hacia posibles amenazas. Aunque necesitamos la ansiedad para sobrevivir, en ocasiones se puede convertir en un problema. En particular, si la ansiedad ocurre sin ninguna razón, es una reacción exagerada al estresor o nos crea disfunción en nuestras vidas podría ser señal de un trastorno de ansiedad. Los trastornos de ansiedad son un diagnóstico clínico que incluye condiciones como el Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada, Trastorno de Ansiedad Social, Trastorno de Pánico, Fobia Específica y Trastorno de Estrés Post-Traumático.

Aunque las Latinas tienen el mismo riesgo de desarrollar trastornos de ansiedad que otros grupos étnicos, no sabemos si los instrumentos que usamos para identificar y diagnosticar son apropiados culturalmente. Por ejemplo, algunos estudios apuntan a que las preocupaciones y las ruminaciones son menos prevalentes en Latinos. Pero, esto puede ser porque los Latinos tienden a reportar más los síntomas físicos de la ansiedad como las palpitaciones del corazón, dificultad para respirar y temblores. Al darle tanta atención a los síntomas físicos, otros estudios han encontrado mayor presencia de ataques de pánico y por lo tanto mayor prevalencia de Trastorno de Pánico. Aunque aún no sabemos cómo manejar adecuadamente estas diferencias en Latinas, si es evidente que la etnicidad y la cultura tienen un role en cómo se expresa la ansiedad.

Una manifestación particular de la ansiedad que ha sido descrita principalmente en Latinos del Caribe es “ataque de nervios”. El “ataque de nervios” es un episodio intenso emocional como reacción a un estrés interpersonal. El episodio incluye la sensación de ansiedad, pero también puede incluir tristeza, coraje y frustración. Los episodios de “ataque de nervios” son más común en las mujeres y nos pueden ayudar a entender las particularidades del estrés y la ansiedad en Latinas. Estos “ataque de nervios” ocurren frecuentemente en conjunto con diagnósticos de ansiedad como el Trastorno de Pánico y el Trastorno de Estrés Post-Traumático. Al momento, no tenemos suficientes estudios para saber si “ataque de nervios” es un trastorno aparte o si es un factor que pone a riesgo de trastornos de ansiedad en Latinos. En nuestros estudios en la Universidad de Puerto Rico, hemos encontrados que la presencia de “ataque de nervios” no empeoran la severidad de la ansiedad, pero si se relaciona con un aumento en las puntuaciones en neuroticismo, un factor de personalidad que aumenta el riesgo a trastornos de ansiedad. También se ha descrito que estos episodios están asociados a discapacidad y a intentos suicidas, así que es importante identificar estos síntomas en Latinas y hacer un referido a un profesional de la salud mental aún cuando no se identifique otro trastorno psiquiátrico.

El tratamiento para la ansiedad también tiene que tomar en consideración la etnicidad y la cultura. En Latinos, al igual que en muchos grupos de minoría, hablar acerca de las emociones no es común culturalmente. Por lo tanto, los tratamientos basados en evidencia para la ansiedad que están enfocados en conceptos de la

terapia cognoscitiva conductual pueden ser casi un idioma extranjero para una Latina. La conexión entre pensamientos, emociones y conductas no se puede ver claramente y, por lo tanto, los tratamientos tienen que incluir un componente de educación significativo. Para que estos tratamientos sean culturalmente adaptados para Latinos no pueden comenzar directamente con técnicas cognoscitivas o exposiciones.

Dada toda esta información, es importante pensar en cuáles son las necesidades específicas de las Latinas que piensen pueden tener un trastorno de ansiedad. Primero, hay que tener en cuenta que la etnicidad y la cultura afectan las evaluaciones y tratamientos para la ansiedad. También hay que tomar en consideración las diferencias entre mujeres y hombres en cómo expresan su ansiedad y responden a los tratamientos. Finalmente, hay una disparidad marcada en el acceso a servicios de salud mental de calidad en Latinos y necesitamos asegurarnos que estos servicios estén adaptados culturalmente.

 

Karen G. Martínez, MD, MSc

Karen Martinez Gonzalez

Karen G. Martinez-Gonzalez, MD, MSc is a child and adolescent psychiatrist in San Juan, Puerto Rico.  She is an Associate Professor at the University of Puerto Rico where she directs the Center for the Study and Treatment of Fear and Anxiety and is the Chair of the Department of Psychiatry. She also completed a Post-Doctoral Master’s in Clinical and Translational Research in 2006 and is now the Principal Investigator (R25MD007607) and Director of this program.  Dr. Martínez-González is a founding member of the University of Puerto Rico Center for Perinatal Mental Health where several research projects understanding stress, perinatal mental health and child development in Puerto Rico are being conducted.  She is an active member of several professional organizations, such as the Anxiety and Depression Association of America where she recently received the Member Recognition Award for her work on the Multicultural and the Women’s Mental Health Special Interest Groups.  She is also part of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Trauma and Disaster Committee and president of the Puerto Rico Chapter; member of the board of directors and past president of the Association for Clinical and Translational Science (ACTS). 

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